#LAYERS OF FEAR 2 COVER SERIES#

Man versus dog fight for food in Act II.They appear one in each chapter for the first four acts, while the fifth and final act bears the fruit of your decision tree. There are four instances of player choice that will determine which ending you earn by the time the credits roll on Bloober Team's twisted thriller. If you want to be sure you get the ending you want (and don't mind spoilers), use our guide to unlock your favorite - or even all three of them for you achievement and trophy hunters. These gaskets are usually made of a rubbery polymer.Though it tends to be obvious when you're being presented with an important choice, it may be less clear to figure out exactly which path you're heading down in the five-hour horror story. GasketsĮach MEA in a fuel cell stack is sandwiched between two bipolar plates, but gaskets must be added around the edges of the MEA to make a gas-tight seal.

Additional channels inside each plate may be used to circulate a liquid coolant.

The surfaces of the plates typically contain a “flow field,” which is a set of channels machined or stamped into the plate to allow gases to flow over the MEA. These plates, which may be made of metal, carbon, or composites, provide electrical conduction between cells, as well as providing physical strength to the stack. Each cell in the stack is sandwiched between two bipolar plates to separate it from neighboring cells.

#LAYERS OF FEAR 2 COVER SERIES#

Therefore, multiple MEAs are usually connected in series by stacking them on top of each other to provide a usable output voltage. Bipolar PlatesĮach individual MEA produces less than 1 V under typical operating conditions, but most applications require higher voltages. The MEA is the part of the fuel cell where power is produced, but hardware components are required to enable effective MEA operation. The microporous layer can help adjust the balance between water retention (needed to maintain membrane conductivity) and water release (needed to keep the pores open so hydrogen and oxygen can diffuse into the electrodes). In many cases, the inner surface of the GDL is coated with a thin layer of high-surface-area carbon mixed with PTFE, called the microporous layer. These pores are kept open by the hydrophobic PTFE, which prevents excessive water buildup. Gases diffuse rapidly through the pores in the GDL. Each GDL is typically composed of a sheet of carbon paper in which the carbon fibers are partially coated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The GDLs sit outside the catalyst layers and facilitate transport of reactants into the catalyst layer, as well as removal of product water. The ionomer mixed into the catalyst layers allows the protons to travel through these layers. On the cathode side, the platinum catalyst enables oxygen reduction by reacting with the protons generated by the anode, producing water. On the anode side, the platinum catalyst enables hydrogen molecules to be split into protons and electrons. This supported platinum catalyst is mixed with an ion-conducting polymer (ionomer) and sandwiched between the membrane and the GDLs. Conventional catalyst layers include nanometer-sized particles of platinum dispersed on a high-surface-area carbon support. Catalyst LayersĪ layer of catalyst is added on both sides of the membrane-the anode layer on one side and the cathode layer on the other. For transportation applications, the membrane is very thin-in some cases under 20 microns. Other substances passing through the electrolyte would disrupt the chemical reaction. The PEM is the key to the fuel cell technology it must permit only the necessary ions to pass between the anode and cathode. The polymer electrolyte membrane, or PEM (also called a proton exchange membrane)-a specially treated material that looks something like ordinary kitchen plastic wrap-conducts only positively charged ions and blocks the electrons. The membrane, catalyst layers (anode and cathode), and diffusion media together form the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of a PEM fuel cell. Hardware components used to incorporate an MEA into a fuel cell include gaskets, which provide a seal around the MEA to prevent leakage of gases, and bipolar plates, which are used to assemble individual PEM fuel cells into a fuel cell stack and provide channels for the gaseous fuel and air.

The heart of a PEM fuel cell is the membrane electrode assembly (MEA), which includes the membrane, the catalyst layers, and gas diffusion layers (GDLs). The main parts of a PEM fuel cell are described below. PEM fuel cells are made from several layers of different materials. Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells are the current focus of research for fuel cell vehicle applications.

Layers of fear 2 cover